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In economics, a production–possibility frontier (PPF), sometimes called a production–possibility curve, production-possibility boundary or product transformation curve, is a graph representing production tradeoffs of an economy given fixed resources. It is a graphical representation of the maximal mix of outputs that an economy can achieve using its existing resources to full extent and in the most efficient way. In its microeconomic applications the graph shows the various combinations of amounts of two commodities that an economy can produce per unit of time (e.g., number of guns vs kilos of butter) using a fixed amount of each of the factors of production, given the production technologies available. At the macroeconomic level it can be used to depict other rivalrous trade-offs like production of fixed capital versus production of consumer goods. Graphically bounding the production set for fixed input quantities, the PPF curve shows the maximum possible production level of one commodity for any given production level of the other, given the existing state of technology. By doing so, it defines productive efficiency in the context of that production set: a point on the frontier indicates efficient use of the available inputs, while a point beneath the curve indicates inefficiency. The commodities compared can either be goods or services. The combination represented by the point on the PPF where an efficient economy operates shows the priorities or choices of the economy, such as the choice of producing more capital goods and fewer consumer goods or vice versa. PPFs are normally drawn as bulging upwards ("concave") from the origin but can also be represented as bulging downward or linear (straight), depending on a number of factors. A PPF illustrates a number of economic concepts, such as scarcity of resources (i.e., the fundamental economic problem that all societies face), opportunity cost (or marginal rate of transformation), productive efficiency, allocative efficiency, and economies of scale. An outward shift of the PPF results from growth of the availability of inputs such as physical capital or labour, or technological progress in our knowledge of how to transform inputs into outputs. Such a shift reflects economic growth of an economy already operating at its full productivity (on the PPF), which means that more of ''both'' outputs can be produced during the specified period of time without sacrificing the output of either good. Conversely, the PPF will shift inward if the labor force shrinks, the supply of raw materials is depleted, or a natural disaster decreases the stock of physical capital. However, most economic contractions reflect not that less can be produced, but that the economy has started operating below the frontier—typically both labor and physical capital are underemployed. == Indicators == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Production–possibility frontier」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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